:root{--nvm-dark:#0a1118;--nvm-ink:#122b41;--nvm-muted:#526579;--nvm-paper:#f4f6f8;--nvm-white:#fff;--nvm-line:#cdd7e0;--nvm-teal:#315674;--nvm-aqua:#d5b78a;--nvm-copper:#805423;--nvm-font:"Noto Sans TC","PingFang TC","Microsoft JhengHei UI","Microsoft JhengHei",sans-serif}
*{box-sizing:border-box}html{scroll-behavior:smooth;scroll-padding-top:100px}body{margin:0;background:var(--nvm-paper);color:var(--nvm-ink);font:400 17px/1.8 var(--nvm-font)}a{color:var(--nvm-teal);text-underline-offset:4px}button,input,select{font:inherit}button,a,input,select{touch-action:manipulation}button{cursor:pointer}a,button,input,select{border-radius:3px}a:focus-visible,button:focus-visible,input:focus-visible,select:focus-visible,summary:focus-visible,[tabindex]:focus-visible{outline:3px solid #087e83;outline-offset:4px}h1,h2,h3,h4{font-weight:600;line-height:1.3;text-wrap:balance}h1{font-size:clamp(36px,4.5vw,64px);margin:16px 0 25px}h2{font-size:clamp(29px,3.1vw,44px);margin:12px 0 24px}h3{font-size:25px;margin:0 0 17px}h4{font-size:19px;margin:0 0 12px}p{margin:0 0 18px}small,.nvm-small{font-size:14px;line-height:1.65}img,svg{max-width:100%}[hidden]{display:none!important}.nvm-skip{position:absolute;top:-90px;left:20px;padding:12px;background:var(--nvm-aqua);color:var(--nvm-dark);font-weight:700;text-decoration:none;z-index:999}.nvm-skip:focus{top:12px}.nvm-header{position:sticky;top:0;z-index:30;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;gap:24px;min-height:76px;max-width:1780px;margin:0 auto;padding:16px clamp(18px,3vw,48px);background:var(--nvm-dark);color:#fff;border-bottom:1px solid #32505b}.nvm-header .brand{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:15px;color:#fff;text-decoration:none;line-height:1.2}.nvm-header .brand strong{font-size:26px;letter-spacing:.08em}.nvm-header .brand span{border-left:1px solid #56717d;padding-left:15px;font-size:14px;color:#c0d3da}.nvm-header nav{display:flex;gap:24px;align-items:center}.nvm-header nav a{font-size:15px;color:#cde2e7;text-decoration:none}.nvm-header nav a:hover{color:var(--nvm-aqua)}.nvm-hero{background:var(--nvm-dark);color:#fff;padding:55px clamp(22px,6vw,94px) 60px;display:grid;grid-template-columns:1.35fr 1fr;gap:60px;align-items:center}.nvm-hero h1 em{color:var(--nvm-aqua);font-style:normal}.nvm-hero p{color:#c0d3da;max-width:740px}.nvm-kicker{font-size:14px;font-weight:600;color:var(--nvm-teal);letter-spacing:.08em}.nvm-hero .nvm-kicker{color:var(--nvm-aqua)}.nvm-hero-map{border-top:1px solid #476571}.nvm-hero-map div{display:grid;grid-template-columns:100px 1fr;gap:22px;border-bottom:1px solid #32505b;padding:14px 0}.nvm-hero-map b{font-weight:500;color:var(--nvm-aqua);font-size:16px}.nvm-hero-map span{font-size:15px;color:#c9dde2}.nvm-breadcrumb{max-width:1500px;margin:auto;padding:18px 32px;font-size:14px;color:var(--nvm-muted)}.nvm-layout{max-width:1500px;margin:auto;padding:0 32px 70px;display:grid;grid-template-columns:245px minmax(0,1fr);gap:40px}.nvm-sidebar{position:sticky;top:100px;align-self:start;max-height:calc(100dvh - 120px);overflow-y:auto;padding:3px 12px 10px 0}.nvm-sidebar nav{display:grid;gap:4px}.nvm-sidebar a{display:block;text-decoration:none;padding:7px 12px;font-size:15px;border-left:3px solid transparent}.nvm-sidebar a[aria-current=page]{border-left-color:var(--nvm-teal);background:#e3ebf2;font-weight:600;color:var(--nvm-ink)}.nvm-sidebar a:hover{background:#e6edf3}.nvm-sidebar h3{font-size:14px;margin:23px 12px 8px;color:var(--nvm-muted)}.nvm-sidebar .nvm-topic-link{font-size:14px;padding-block:5px}.nvm-contents-button{display:none}.nvm-main{min-width:0}.nvm-panel{scroll-margin-top:100px}.nvm-panel>header{border-bottom:1px solid var(--nvm-line);margin-bottom:30px;padding-bottom:18px}.nvm-lede{font-size:19px;max-width:850px;line-height:1.9}.nvm-panel .nvm-prose{max-width:840px}.nvm-panel section{margin-bottom:38px}.nvm-axes{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);border:1px solid var(--nvm-line);margin:30px 0}.nvm-axes article{padding:24px}.nvm-axes article+article{border-left:1px solid var(--nvm-line)}.nvm-axes h3{font-size:20px}.nvm-axes p{font-size:15px;margin:0}.nvm-note{border-left:3px solid #9a713e;padding:17px 22px;background:#f0ece5;color:#55452c;margin:22px 0;font-size:15px}.nvm-note p:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.nvm-filters{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1.5fr 1fr 1fr;gap:15px;margin:22px 0 12px}.nvm-filters label{font-size:14px;color:var(--nvm-muted)}.nvm-filters input,.nvm-filters select{display:block;width:100%;background:#fff;color:var(--nvm-ink);border:1px solid #819da6;padding:9px 10px;margin-top:5px;font-size:16px;min-height:46px}.nvm-results{font-size:14px;color:var(--nvm-muted);min-height:24px}.nvm-table{width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:15px;line-height:1.7;table-layout:fixed}.nvm-table th{text-align:left;font-weight:600;color:var(--nvm-ink);background:#e1e9f0;padding:13px 15px;vertical-align:top}.nvm-table td{padding:17px 15px;border-bottom:1px solid var(--nvm-line);vertical-align:top;overflow-wrap:anywhere}.nvm-table td p:last-child{margin:0}.nvm-table a{font-weight:600}.nvm-tech-table th:first-child{width:20%}.nvm-tech-table th:nth-child(2){width:27%}.nvm-tag{display:inline-block;font-size:13px;line-height:1.6;padding:3px 8px;background:#e2eaf2;color:#28516d;margin:0 6px 8px 0}.nvm-tag[data-stage="研究展示"],.nvm-tag[data-stage="研發中"]{background:#eee8dd;color:#6d501f}.nvm-meta{font-size:14px;color:var(--nvm-muted)}.nvm-two{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:28px}.nvm-two>article{padding:24px 26px;background:#fff;border-top:3px solid var(--nvm-teal)}ul,ol{padding-left:24px}li+li{margin-top:8px}.nvm-four{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:0;border:1px solid var(--nvm-line)}.nvm-four article{padding:22px 25px;border-bottom:1px solid var(--nvm-line)}.nvm-four article:nth-child(odd){border-right:1px solid var(--nvm-line)}.nvm-four article:nth-last-child(-n+2){border-bottom:0}.nvm-four p{font-size:16px;margin:0}.nvm-four h4{color:var(--nvm-teal)}.nvm-cell{margin:0;background:var(--nvm-dark);color:#e1eef2;padding:24px 28px;border:1px solid #254653}.nvm-cell svg{display:block;width:100%;height:auto;max-height:340px;overflow:visible}.nvm-cell text{font:16px var(--nvm-font);fill:#ddeff2}.nvm-cell .small-label{font-size:14px;fill:#b5d0d7}.nvm-cell .cell-wire{fill:none;stroke:#bad9df;stroke-width:2}.nvm-cell .cell-state{fill:#274760;stroke:#d5b78a;stroke-width:2}.nvm-cell .cell-oxide{fill:#30464e;stroke:#7ea0ab;stroke-width:1.5}.nvm-cell .cell-metal{fill:#507d89;stroke:#b2d3db;stroke-width:1.5}.nvm-cell .cell-charge{fill:#d5b78a}.nvm-cell figcaption{color:#c2d6dc;font-size:14px;margin-top:12px;line-height:1.65}.nvm-operation{background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--nvm-line);padding:22px 25px}.nvm-operation-buttons{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:10px;margin-bottom:22px}.nvm-operation-buttons button{min-height:44px;border:1px solid #75939d;color:var(--nvm-ink);background:#fff;padding:7px 18px;font-size:15px}.nvm-operation-buttons button[aria-pressed=true]{background:var(--nvm-ink);color:#fff;border-color:var(--nvm-ink)}.nvm-state-sequence{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1.1fr 1fr;gap:18px;margin:0 0 20px}.nvm-state-sequence>div{padding:12px 15px;background:#edf3f4}.nvm-state-sequence>div:nth-child(2){background:#e2ebf4}.nvm-state-sequence dt{font-size:13px;color:#41616d;margin-bottom:7px}.nvm-state-sequence dd{margin:0;font-size:16px}.nvm-operation p{font-size:16px}.nvm-disclosure{border-top:1px solid var(--nvm-line);padding:18px 0}.nvm-disclosure summary{cursor:pointer;line-height:1.65;color:var(--nvm-ink);font-weight:600}.nvm-disclosure>div{padding:20px 0 0}.nvm-disclosure dl{display:grid;grid-template-columns:130px minmax(0,1fr);gap:12px;margin:0}.nvm-disclosure dt{font-size:14px;color:var(--nvm-muted)}.nvm-disclosure dd{margin:0;font-size:15px;overflow-wrap:anywhere}.nvm-source-links{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:8px 17px;margin:14px 0}.nvm-source-links a{font-size:13px;max-width:100%;overflow-wrap:anywhere}.nvm-quiz{border:1px solid var(--nvm-line);padding:25px;background:#e7edf4}.nvm-quiz summary{font-weight:600;cursor:pointer}.nvm-quiz p{margin:20px 0 0}.nvm-bottom-nav{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;gap:20px;border-top:1px solid var(--nvm-line);padding-top:20px;margin:32px 0}.nvm-bottom-nav a{font-size:15px}.nvm-benchmark{padding:24px 0;border-bottom:1px solid var(--nvm-line)}.nvm-benchmark h3{font-size:23px}.nvm-benchmark .nvm-two{gap:20px}.nvm-benchmark ul{margin:0}.nvm-lesson{font-size:15px;border-left:3px solid #8e693c;padding:13px 18px;background:#f1ece3}.nvm-roadmap{border-left:2px solid #b8cdcf;margin-left:16px;padding-left:28px}.nvm-milestone{position:relative;padding:0 0 28px}.nvm-milestone:before{content:"";position:absolute;left:-36px;top:8px;width:14px;height:14px;border-radius:50%;background:var(--nvm-teal);border:3px solid var(--nvm-paper)}.nvm-milestone h3{font-size:23px;margin:7px 0 12px}.nvm-milestone p{font-size:16px}.nvm-year{color:var(--nvm-teal);font-size:18px;font-weight:600}.nvm-glossary{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:0 28px}.nvm-glossary div{padding:18px 0;border-top:1px solid var(--nvm-line)}.nvm-glossary dt{font-weight:600}.nvm-glossary dd{margin:8px 0 0;font-size:15px}.nvm-actions{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:12px;margin:22px 0}.nvm-actions a{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;min-height:45px;padding:9px 16px;border:1px solid var(--nvm-teal);font-size:15px;text-decoration:none;background:#fff}.nvm-actions a:first-child{background:var(--nvm-teal);color:#fff}.nvm-footer{background:var(--nvm-dark);color:#bdd3da;padding:28px 32px;text-align:center;font-size:14px}.nvm-footer a{color:var(--nvm-aqua)}.nvm-empty{padding:28px;border:1px dashed #79949b}.nvm-history-table{table-layout:auto;font-size:13px}.nvm-history-table th,.nvm-history-table td{padding:10px 8px}.nvm-history-cards{display:none}.nvm-nojs{padding:16px;background:#f0e8d9}.nvm-subheading{font-size:18px;color:var(--nvm-muted)}.nvm-reading-list{padding:0;list-style:none;counter-reset:reading}.nvm-reading-list li{counter-increment:reading;display:grid;grid-template-columns:40px 1fr;gap:16px;padding:14px 0;border-bottom:1px solid var(--nvm-line)}.nvm-reading-list li:before{content:"0" counter(reading);color:var(--nvm-teal);font-size:22px}.nvm-reading-list p{margin:5px 0 0;font-size:16px}.nvm-panel-search-message{font-size:15px;color:#735324}.nvm-maturity-limit{font-size:14px;color:var(--nvm-muted)}
@media(max-width:1100px){.nvm-layout{grid-template-columns:210px minmax(0,1fr);gap:25px;padding-inline:24px}.nvm-hero{gap:32px}.nvm-axes{grid-template-columns:1fr}.nvm-axes article+article{border-left:0;border-top:1px solid var(--nvm-line)}.nvm-axes article{padding:20px 22px}.nvm-header nav{gap:14px}.nvm-header nav a{font-size:14px}.nvm-history-table{display:none}.nvm-history-cards{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:20px}.nvm-history-cards article{padding:20px;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--nvm-line)}.nvm-history-cards dl{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:8px;font-size:14px}.nvm-history-cards dd{margin:0}.nvm-history-cards h4{font-size:17px}}
@media(max-width:800px){.nvm-header{min-height:68px;padding:14px 20px;gap:15px}.nvm-header nav a:not(:first-child){display:none}.nvm-header .brand strong{font-size:23px}.nvm-header .brand span{font-size:13px}.nvm-hero{grid-template-columns:1fr;padding:34px 24px 32px;gap:20px}.nvm-hero h1{font-size:42px}.nvm-hero-map{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}.nvm-hero-map div{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:2px;padding:12px 8px}.nvm-hero-map span{font-size:13px}.nvm-hero-map b{font-size:15px}.nvm-layout{display:block;padding:0 24px 50px}.nvm-sidebar{position:relative;top:auto;max-height:none;overflow:visible;padding:0 0 20px}.nvm-sidebar:not(.open) nav{display:none}.nvm-contents-button{display:flex;width:100%;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;border:1px solid #8aa4ac;background:#fff;min-height:46px;padding:9px 14px;color:var(--nvm-ink);margin-bottom:12px}.nvm-sidebar.open nav{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:3px}.nvm-sidebar h3{grid-column:1/-1}.nvm-breadcrumb{padding:15px 24px}.nvm-lede{font-size:18px}.nvm-two{grid-template-columns:1fr}.nvm-filters{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}.nvm-filters label:first-child{grid-column:1/-1}.nvm-tech-table{display:block}.nvm-tech-table thead{display:none}.nvm-tech-table tbody{display:block}.nvm-tech-table tr{display:block;border:1px solid var(--nvm-line);background:#fff;margin:0 0 16px;padding:18px}.nvm-tech-table td{display:block;padding:7px 0;border:0}.nvm-tech-table td:first-child{font-size:20px}.nvm-tech-table td:before{content:attr(data-label);display:block;font-size:13px;color:var(--nvm-muted);margin-bottom:5px}.nvm-tech-table td:first-child:before{display:none}.nvm-cell{padding:20px 16px}.nvm-four{grid-template-columns:1fr}.nvm-four article:nth-child(odd){border-right:0}.nvm-four article:nth-last-child(2){border-bottom:1px solid var(--nvm-line)}.nvm-disclosure dl{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:4px}.nvm-disclosure dd+dt{margin-top:13px}.nvm-state-sequence{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:10px}.nvm-glossary{grid-template-columns:1fr}.nvm-operation{padding:19px}.nvm-history-cards{grid-template-columns:1fr}.nvm-subheading{font-size:16px}.nvm-hero-map{margin-top:8px}.nvm-header nav a{font-size:13px}}
@media(max-width:390px){body{font-size:16px}.nvm-hero h1{font-size:36px}.nvm-layout{padding-inline:18px}.nvm-hero{padding-inline:20px}.nvm-header{padding-inline:16px}.nvm-header .brand span{display:none}.nvm-operation-buttons button{padding-inline:12px}.nvm-filters{grid-template-columns:1fr}.nvm-filters label:first-child{grid-column:auto}.nvm-cell text{font-size:18px}.nvm-cell .small-label{font-size:16px}.nvm-bottom-nav{flex-direction:column}.nvm-sidebar.open nav{grid-template-columns:1fr}}
@media(prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){html{scroll-behavior:auto}*,*:before,*:after{animation:none!important;transition:none!important}}
@media print{.nvm-header,.nvm-sidebar,.nvm-breadcrumb,.nvm-filters,.nvm-actions,.nvm-bottom-nav,.nvm-operation-buttons{display:none!important}.nvm-layout{display:block;padding:0}.nvm-hero{display:block;padding:20px;background:#fff;color:#000}.nvm-hero p,.nvm-hero h1 em{color:#000}.nvm-hero-map{display:none}.nvm-panel[hidden]{display:block!important}.nvm-panel{break-before:page}.nvm-cell{break-inside:avoid}.nvm-footer{background:#fff;color:#000}}

.nvm-operation-buttons{display:none}.nvm-enhanced .nvm-operation-buttons{display:flex}
@media(max-width:800px){.nvm-cell text{font-size:24px}.nvm-cell .small-label{display:none}}
@media(max-width:390px){.nvm-cell text{font-size:27px}}
@media print{[data-operation-detail][hidden]{display:block!important}.nvm-enhanced .nvm-operation-buttons{display:none!important}}
.nvm-library-header{max-width:1500px;margin:auto;padding:30px 32px 22px;border-bottom:1px solid var(--nvm-line)}.nvm-library-header .nvm-kicker{font-size:12px;margin:0 0 10px}.nvm-library-header h1{font-size:43px;line-height:1.2;margin:0 0 12px}.nvm-library-header>p:last-child{font-size:17px;max-width:880px;color:var(--nvm-muted);margin:0}.nvm-library-index>header{margin-bottom:10px}.nvm-library-index h2{font-size:32px}.nvm-library-index .nvm-lede{font-size:17px}.nvm-library-entries{display:grid}.nvm-library-entries>a{display:grid;grid-template-columns:28px minmax(0,1fr) 22px;gap:16px;align-items:center;text-decoration:none;padding:22px 8px;border-bottom:1px solid var(--nvm-line)}.nvm-library-entries>a:hover{background:#e8eef3}.nvm-library-entries>a>span:first-child{align-self:start;padding-top:5px;font-size:12px;color:var(--nvm-muted)}.nvm-library-entries h3{font-size:22px;margin:0 0 7px}.nvm-library-entries p{font-size:15px;color:var(--nvm-muted);margin:0}.nvm-sidebar details{margin:4px 0;border-block:1px solid var(--nvm-line);padding:8px 0}.nvm-sidebar summary{cursor:pointer;font-size:15px;line-height:1.6;padding:5px 10px;font-weight:500}.nvm-sidebar .nvm-ip-nav-group{margin:14px 12px 3px}.nvm-sidebar .nvm-ip-nav a{font-size:14px}.nvm-ip-directory>header>p{font-size:17px}.nvm-ip-directory>header h2{font-size:32px}.nvm-lineage-index{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:12px 22px;margin-bottom:30px}.nvm-lineage-index a{font-size:16px}.nvm-lineage-entry{padding-top:12px;border-top:1px solid var(--nvm-line);scroll-margin-top:110px}.nvm-lineage-events{list-style:none;margin:20px 0;padding:0}.nvm-lineage-events>li{display:grid;grid-template-columns:112px minmax(0,1fr);gap:20px;margin:0;padding:18px 0;border-top:1px solid var(--nvm-line)}.nvm-lineage-events time{font-size:14px;color:var(--nvm-muted);padding-top:3px}.nvm-lineage-events h4{font-size:19px;margin:0 0 9px}.nvm-lineage-events p{font-size:16px;margin:0}.nvm-lineage-context{padding:20px 24px;background:#e8eef3;border-left:3px solid var(--nvm-teal)}.nvm-lineage-context p{font-size:16px}.nvm-lineage-context h4:not(:first-child){margin-top:20px}.nvm-header nav a{font-size:13px}.nvm-breadcrumb a{white-space:normal}
@media(max-width:1100px){.nvm-header nav{gap:13px}.nvm-header nav a{font-size:12px}.nvm-library-header{padding-inline:24px}.nvm-library-header h1{font-size:39px}}
@media(max-width:850px){.nvm-header nav a{display:none!important}.nvm-sidebar.open nav{grid-template-columns:1fr}.nvm-library-header{padding:25px 24px 20px}.nvm-library-header h1{font-size:35px}.nvm-library-index h2,.nvm-ip-directory>header h2{font-size:28px}.nvm-library-entries h3{font-size:20px}}
@media(max-width:500px){.nvm-library-header{padding:23px 20px 19px}.nvm-library-header h1{font-size:32px}.nvm-library-header>p:last-child{font-size:15px}.nvm-library-entries>a{gap:10px;padding-block:18px;grid-template-columns:23px minmax(0,1fr) 18px}.nvm-library-entries h3{font-size:19px;line-height:1.4}.nvm-library-entries p{font-size:15px}.nvm-lineage-events>li{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:7px}.nvm-lineage-context{padding:18px}.nvm-lineage-entry h3{font-size:24px}.nvm-library-index .nvm-lede,.nvm-ip-directory>header>p{font-size:16px}.nvm-breadcrumb{font-size:13px;padding-inline:20px}}
.nvm-cycle-summary{margin:28px 0;padding:24px;border:1px solid var(--nvm-line);border-left:4px solid var(--nvm-teal);border-radius:8px;background:#f1f6f8}
.nvm-cycle-sequence{font-size:22px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;color:var(--nvm-teal)}
[data-complete-cycle]>[data-operation-detail]{border-top:2px solid var(--nvm-line);margin-top:32px;padding-top:24px;scroll-margin-top:110px}
[data-complete-cycle]>[data-operation-detail]:focus-visible{outline:3px solid var(--nvm-teal);outline-offset:4px}
@media(max-width:500px){.nvm-cycle-summary{padding:16px}.nvm-cycle-summary h3{font-size:22px}.nvm-cycle-sequence{font-size:20px}}

/* Standard Screen Reader / Assistive Technology Outline */
.sr-only { position: absolute; width: 1px; height: 1px; padding: 0; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); white-space: nowrap; border-width: 0; }

:root{--hub-keepout:clamp(24px,4vw,64px)}
.nvm-header,.nvm-hero,.nvm-layout,.nvm-library-header,.nvm-breadcrumb,.nvm-bottom-nav,.nvm-footer{
  padding-inline:max(var(--hub-keepout),18px);
}
@media print{
  .nvm-layout{padding:0}
}